Skin
On border of contact with an environment at animals the dermal integument-protection from various influences was historically formed.
The skin covers all body of the person (the skin forms an external integument of the organism which area at the adult person reaches 1,5-2 sq. m.), many dermal illnesses arise at nervous breakdowns.
The skin condition reflects the general metabolism in an organism. With the years softness and elasticity of a skin gradually, decreases imperceptibly, replaced by flabbiness, there are folds, colour of a skin varies.
Especially important role in development of internal organs is played by a thermoregulation. The person can easily transfer a heat and a cold though low and the heat is pernicious for the organs isolated from an organism. The thermoregulation, also well influences a physical condition of the person, but not always it happens so. Often because of work disturbance thermoregulation the apparatus of a brain the person is exposed to various catarrhal diseases, that in turn influences a condition of a skin and internal organs of the person.
Doctors-dermatologists assert, that "no dermal illnesses are present, and there is only a general disease which is reflected in a skin".
Blisters, eruptions, ulcers is as though "dermal assay", an indicator of the general condition of an organism. The slightest influences of substances to which the organism is especially sensitive, can be shown at once in the form of reddening, maculae on a skin.
The complex of treatment of some internal organs includes influence by water, light, an electricity and other factors through a skin. A skin penetrable for gases. Treatment by curative hydrosulphuric, carbonic and other mineral baths is based on it.
The skin is especially closely bound to nervous system. These organs from early stages develop from the same external germinal leaf.
In a skin numerous nervous "devices" - the receptors perceiving various external borings are put in pawn.
However, the skin soon gets used to long painful borings and consequently, for example, we wear clothes, not noticing its touch to a skin.
Nervous processes influence a skin, and, on the contrary, the change, developing in a skin, can influence nervous processes.
So, the fright causes the strengthened diaphoresis, at feeling of shame the face skin reddens, at pavor, grieves turn pale cheeks.
Development
The skin develops from two embryonal germs. Its epithelial integument is formed of a dermal ectoderm, and subject connective tissue layers - from dermatomes (derivative somites). In the first weeks of development of a germ the skin epithelium consists all of one layer of flat cells. Gradually these cells become more and more high. In the end of the second month over them there is a second layer of cells, and on the third month the epithelium becomes multilayered. Simultaneously in its external layers (first of all on palms and soles) keratinization processes begin. On the third month of the pre-natal period in a skin epithelial germs of hair, glands, fingernails are pawned.
In a connective tissue basis to a skin during this period fibers and a dense network of blood vessels start to be formed. In deep layers of this network the hemopoiesis centres appear places. Only on the fifth month of a pre-natal development of education of bloody elements in them stops and on their place the fatty tissue is formed.
Structure
The skin consists of two parts - epithelial and connecting. The skin epithelium is called as a false skin, and a connective tissue basis - a derma, or actually a skin. The skin is bridged to subject parts of an organism by a layer of a fatty tissue - a hypodermic basis, or a hypodermic fat. The thickness of a skin in various departments of a body varies from 0,5 to 5 mm.
False skin
The false skin is presented by a multilayered flat keratosic epithelium. Its thickness fluctuates from 0,03 to 1,5 mm. And more (in many other things sources some authors on the basis of a various thickness of a false skin allocate a thin and thick skin). The thick skin covers small sites of a body (a palm, a sole), then as thin covers other its extensive surfaces. The thickest false skin on palms and soles. It consists of many tens layers of cells which are united in five basic layers: basal, spicular, granular, shining, cornual.
Basal layer
Immediately on the basal membrane limiting in norm an epithelium from a derma, the cells making a basal layer lay. Among them distinguish basal epitheliocytes - the pigment cells, which quantitative parity approximately 10/1.
Basal epitheliocytes have the cylindrical or oval form, a basphilic cytoplasma and the roundish kernel rich with a chromatin. In them general meaning organellas, tonofilaments and in some cells of a granule of a dark brown or black pigment - melanin are taped. They are bridged with each other and to overlying cells by means of desmosomes, and with a basal membrane - semidesmosomes.
Among basal epitheliocytes there are the stem cells formed at their division daughter cells specialise and gradually move to overlying layers of a false skin. Set of cells in all layers of a false skin formed of one stem cell, i.e. its descendants, makes a programed differentiation.
Thus, the basal layer carries out a role sprout a layer. For the account its false skin is updated in various sites of a skin of the person within 10-30 days (physiological neogenesis).
Melanocytes on the preparations, painted a hematoxylin - eosine, look like light cells. At imprination by silver at them long branching processes are found out. Melanocytes have no desmosomes and lay freely. In their cytoplasma contain in a considerable quantity of grain of a pigment of melanin, but organellas are weakly developed and there are no tonofibrils.
Spicular layer
Over basal cells at 5-10 layers the cells of the polygonal form forming numerous short cytoplasmatic processes ("ponticuluses") in which place of an occurring there are desmosomes settle down. In desmosomes fascicles a tonofilament - of a tonofibril except epitheliocytes come to an end, in a basal and spicular layer dendrocytes contain process cells-. They do not form desmosomes with surrounding cells. In their cytoplasma it is a lot of Birbeck granules, looking like tennis rackets. These cells are regarded as inside-epirdemalnye macrophages (earlier were called "Langerhans cell"), migrating in a false skin from a derma. Into a false skin also get T - lymphocytes. Granulous dendrocytes and lymphocytes form local system of immune supervision in a false skin.
The granular layer consists of 3-4 layers of rather flat cells. In their cytoplasma there are ribosomes, mitochondrions, lysosomes and their version - keratinosomes (in the form of layered little bodies), and also fascicles of fragmented tonofibrils and large granules of an eleidin laying near to them. Granules are intensively painted with the basic stains, consist of polysaccharides, lipids and the fibers, amino acids-Histidinums differing by the high maintenance, a proline, an arginine, and also Sulphur-containing amino acid-tsistina. Presence at cells of a granular layer of a complex of a keratohyaline with tonofibrils specifies that in them keratinization processes since according to many authors, the keratohyaline is the precursor of cornual substance-keratin begin.
Brilliant layer
The following, brilliant layer, also consists of 3-4 layers of flat cells in which kernels are exposed to a karyorrhexis and perish, and the cytoplasma diffusively becomes impregnated with albuminous substance-eleidin. Eleidin is not painted by stains, but well refracts light. Thanks to it in a brilliant layer of border and structure of cells appear imperceptible, and all layer is represented in the form of a brilliant strip. Believe, that eleidin is formed of fibers a tonofibril and an eleidin by their oxidation sulphidriles groups. Eleidin is surveyed as one of precursors of a keratin (it is electronic- microscopically a brilliant layer as the separate layer is not defined).
Cornual layer
The most superficial-cornual layer consists of many layers of the keratosic cells - of cornual flakes. Flakes contain cornual substance - a "soft" keratin and air blisters. The keratin represents the fiber rich with sulphur (to 5 %), very steady against various chemical agents - to acids, alkalis, etc. Cornual flakes look as light flat cells with a thick (cornual) cover. In them keratic fibrils settle down, the rests of tonofibrils in the form of a gentle network and the light cavity formed on a place of the lost kernel are sometimes visible. The most superficial cornual flakes constantly disappear - are exfoliated and replaced new, occurring of underlaying layers. In the course of an exfoliating the important role belongs keratinosomes. They leave cells and concentrate in intercellular spaces. The lysis (dissolution) of desmosomes and a discharge of cornual flakes from each other is as a result observed. Value of a cornual layer is defined by that it possesses the big elasticity and a bad thermal conduction.
Actually a skin
Actually the skin, or a derma, has a thickness from 1.5 to 5 mm., the greatest - on a back, shoulders, hips. The derma shares on two layers-papillary and mesh which have among themselves no accurate border.
Papillary layer
The papillary layer settles down immediately under a false skin, consists of the quaggy fibrous connecting tissue which are carrying out trophic function. This layer has received the name from the numerous papillas pressing in an epithelium. Their size and quantity in a skin of various parts of a body are not identical. The greatest quantity of papillas in height to 0,2 mm is in a skin of palms and soles. In a face skin papillas are developed weakly, and with the years can disappear absolutely. The papillary layer of a derma defines a drawing on the skin surfaces, having strictly individual character.
On prints of a drawing of a skin of the fingers left on various subjects, it is possible to learn the person who posesses the given prints. It widely use in criminalistic and it is judicial - medical practice (dactyloscopy).
The connecting tissue of a papillary layer consists of thin collagenic, elastic and reticular fibers, and also from cells among which most often there are fibroblasts, macrophages, fabric basophils (mast cells), etc. Here too meet smooth muscular cells, places collected in the small fascicles bound to a root of hair. It is a muscle lifting hair. However there are the muscular fascicles which have been not bound to them. Most of all them in a skin of a head, cheeks, a forehead and a dorsum of extremities. Reduction of muscular cells causes occurrence of a so-called goose skin. Fine blood vessels are thus compressed and blood inflow to a skin owing to what the organism thermolysis goes down decreases.
Mesh layer
The mesh layer providing durability of a skin, is formed by a dense not properly executed connecting tissue with powerful fascicles of collagenic fibers and a network of elastic fibers. Fascicles of collagenic fibers pass basically in two directions: one of them lay in parallel a skin surface, others - slantwise. Together they form a network which structure is defined by a functional load on a skin. In the sites of a skin testing strong pressure (the skin of foot, small pillows of fingers, elbows, etc.), is well developed widely-petlistaja, a rasping network of collagenic fibers. On the contrary, in those sites, where the skin is exposed to an appreciable stretching (area of joints, the back party of foot, the person etc.), In a mesh layer more gentle collagenic network is found out narrowly - loop. Elastic fibers basically repeat a course of collagenic fascicles. Them much more in the sites of a skin often testing a stretching (in a face skin, joints etc.) . Cellular elements of a mesh layer are presented mainly by fibroblasts.
In the majority of sites of a skin of the person, in its mesh layer, dermal glands - sudoral and sebaceous, and also roots of hair settle down.
Hypodermic fat
Fascicles of collagenic fibers from a mesh layer of a derma proceed in a layer of the hypodermic fat rich with a fatty tissue. The hypodermic fat softens actions on a skin of various mechanical factors, it is therefore especially well developed in those sites of a skin which are exposed to strong mechanical influences (small pillows of fingers, a foot etc.). Here the hypodermic fat completely remains, even at extreme degree of attrition of an organism. The hypodermic provides some mobility of a skin in relation to underlaying parts, that appreciably protects it from ruptures and other mechanical damages. The clump of a fatty tissue in a hypoderm limits a thermolysis.
Dermal pigment
The dermal pigment for very small an exception, is available for all people. It is both in a false skin, and in a derma. People or the animals which organism is deprived a pigment, are called as albinos (from an armour. Albus - white). The dermal pigment concerns group of melanins (from an armour. Melas - black). Melanin is formed at oxidation of amino acid of Thyrosinum under the influence of enzyme of a tyrosinase and DOPA-oxidases. Melanin possesses high ultra-violet absorption, therefore it protects an organism from damaging action of ultra-violet radiation. Pigment distribution in a skin irregularly: more strongly pigmented a face skin, necks, backs, are more weak - a stomach, palms and soles. The quantity of a dermal pigment in a false skin can vary in dependence both from external, and from internal factors. For example, it sharply increases at a long irradiation of a skin solar beams therefore at persons with a light skin sunburn is formed and there can be freckles. Nevuses pigmentosus on a skin often appear on a skin during pregnancy owing to the hormonal changes coming in an organism during this period. In a false skin the pigment is in a cytoplasma of melanocytes and epitheliocytes.
Melanocytes
Melanocytes represent process cells. In their cytoplasma it is a lot of ribosomes and melanosome. Melanosome - the structures of the oval form consisting of 3-15 dense granules, surrounded with the general membrane. They separate from Golgi complex where enzymes join them a tyrosinase and DOPA - an oxidase. Positive reaction on DOPA - an oxidase are specific to melanocytes. Most possibly neurogenic parentage of melanocytes. They are formed of melanoblasts which are allocated in an embryogenesis from a nervous crest. It is counted up, that on the average on 10 basal cells of a false skin of a skin of the person it is necessary 1 melanocyte.
Epitheliocytes
Epitheliocytes are not capable to melanin synthesis and consequently do not give positive DOPA - reactions. They grasp already ready melanin at its allocation from melanocytes.
Inside-epirdemalnye macrophages
Inside-epirdemalnye macrophages also can grasp a pigment from processes of melanocytes, but thus they do not give positive DOPA-reaction.
Thermal melanocytes
In a derma of a skin the pigment extends in a cytoplasma of dermal melanocytes-cells processформы, however unlike melanocytes of a false skin they do not give positive DOPA-reaction. In this connection derma pigment cells contain, but do not synthesise a pigment. Such the pigment by gets to these cells-is exact it is not known, but assume, that it arrives from a false skin. Dermal melanocytes meet only in certain places of a skin - in the field of a proctal aperture and peripapillary mugs.
The pigmental exchange in a skin is closely bound to the maintenance in it of vitamins (A, C, PP), and also depends on endocrine factors of hormones of a pituitary body, adrenals, etc.
Vascularization
Blood vessels form some plexuses from which the branches feeding its various parts depart in a skin. Vascular plexuses lie in a skin on various conditions.
Distinguish deep and superficial arterial plexuses, and also one deep and two superficial venous plexuses.
Skin arteries originate from widely-loop vascular network located between muscular fascias and a hypodermic fat (a fascial arterial network).
Vessels which, having passed a layer of a hypodermic fatty tissue, on its border with a derma branch depart from this network and form a deep dermal arterial network. From it there are the branches supplying with blood fatty lobes, sudoral glands and hair.
From a deep dermal arterial network arteries which pass a mesh layer of a derma begin and in the basis of a papillary layer break up to the arterioles forming under-papillar (superficial) arterial network. The thin short branches which are breaking up in papillas on capillars in turn depart from this network, having the form of the hairpins which length does not exceed 0,4 mm. The short arterial branches departing from under-papillar networks, supply with blood of group of papillas. It is characteristic, that they anastomose with each other. These can explain, why sometimes reddening or a skin blanching occurs "maculae". From under- papillary networks arterial vessels to sebaceous glands to roots of hair depart also.
Capillars of a papillary layer, sebaceous glands and roots of hair gather in the veins running in under-papillar a venous plexus. Distinguish two under-papillar the plexuses, laying one behind another. From them blood arrives in the dermal (deep) venous plexus laying between a derma and a hypodermic fat. In the same plexus blood from fatty lobes and sudoral glands is taken away. The dermal plexus is bridged to a fascial venous plexus from which larger venous trunks depart.
In a skin are numerous arterio-lovenular anastomoses, especially on ends of fingers of arms and feet, in the field of a nail bed. They have the direct relation to thermoregulation process.
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic vessels of a skin form two plexuses: superficial, laying more low under-papillar venous plexuses, and deep, located in a hypodermic fat.
Innervation
Skin innervate both branches of cerebrospinal nerves, and nerves of vegetative system. To cerebrospinal nervous system the numerous sensitive nerves forming in a skin a large quantity of sensitive nervous plexuses belong. Nerves of vegetative nervous system innervateв to a skin vessels, smooth legocytes and sudoral glands (function of sebaceous glands, obviously, are regulated by action of hormones).
Nerves of a hypodermic fat form the basic nervous plexus of a skin from which the numerous stipitates which are giving rise to new plexuses depart, located round roots of hair, sudoral glands, fatty lobes and in a papillary layer of a derma. The dense nervous plexus of a papillary layer sends myelinic and without-myelinic new nervous fibers to a connecting tissue and in a false skin where they form the big number of the sensitive nervous terminations. The nervous terminations are distributed in a skin irregularly. They are especially numerous in sites of a skin with raised sensitivity, for example, on palms and soles, on the person in the field of genitals. The free and not free nervous terminations, plastic nervous little bodies, trailer flasks, touch corpuscles and tactile disks concern them. It is considered, that the feeling of a pain is transferred by the free nervous terminations located in a false skin where they reach a granular layer, and also the nervous terminations laying in a papillary layer of a derma. More possibly that, the free terminations simultaneously are thermoreceptors. Feeling of a touch (touch) are perceived by touch corpuscles and disks, and also nervous plexuses round (roots) of hair. Touch corpuscles are in a papillary layer of a derma, disks - in sprout a false skin layer, besides, in a false skin meets the tactile (tactile) cells contacting to tactile disks. The feeling of pressure is bound to presence of the lamellar nervous little bodies laying deeply in a skin. The trailer flasks located, in particular, in a skin of external genitals concern mehano-receptors also.
Skin glands
Sudoral glands
Sudoral glands are located in the deepest layer actually skins. These are the tubular glands which are looking like glomuluses, which internal walls выстланы the glandular cells allocating sweat. Long target ducts of sudoral glands open on a skin surface. Are distributed on a body surface sudoral irregularly. Most of all them on palms, soles where on one centimetre square skins total four hundred-five hundred sudoral glands.
Sweat is a watery liquid, saltish on taste since contains table salt. The sweat structure enters also other products of a mineral exchange, сернокислые bonds, Natrii phosphases, chloride a potassium, calcium salts. Sudoral glands together with then deduce from an organism and proteometabolism products: urea, urinary acid, the ammonia, some amino acids, the sweat structure includes flying fat acids. Depending on structure sweat has a specific smell.
At the person for days in the conditions of temperature comfort and relative rest separates, on the average, 500 see cubic sweat. During hot time and at intense active work of sweat it is allocated more. Its structure Thus varies.
Sudoral glands participate in body temperature regulation. 2436 J are spent for evaporation of one litre of sweat., therefore the organism is cooled. At a low ambient temperature the diaphoresis sharply decreases. At air saturation in water pairs evaporation of water from a skin surface stops. Therefore stay in roast a crude premise is badly transferred.
Sweat reaction - acidic: pH 3. Acidic reaction of sweat promotes a skin bactericidal action.
The diaphoresis occurs reflex. At action of a heat of air, the reflex arises in a consequence of a boring of receptors of the skin perceiving heat.
Sebaceous glands
Sebaceous glands are located in actually skin and looks like the branched out blisters. Walls of blisters consist of a multilayered epithelium. In process of growth of an epithelium of its cell move more close to a gland lumen, are exposed to a fatty degeneration and perish. Unlike the sudoral glands which cells will allocate a secret in an environment without disturbance of their integrity, the multilayered epithelium of sebaceous glands is blasted, therefore dermal fat is formed.
Lead-out ducts of sebaceous glands open in hair bags more often. Dermal fat greases growing hair and a skin, protecting them from drying and wetting by water. Allocation of sebaceous glands promote to normal growth of hair. Thanks to fatty greasing hair become elastic and shining.
Dermal fat consists of fat acids, products of disintegration of epithelial cells and vitamins A,D,E,. At the moment of allocation dermal fat liquid, but quickly gets denser. Under the influence of acids, sweat dermal fat decays, is thus formed fat acids of a characteristic smell. A day at the adult person it is formed to 20gm. Dermal fat. In puberty strengthened production of dermal fat is observed.
Mammary glands
Mammary glands at women also derivative skins. Their function is bound to activity of the reproductive apparatus.
Hair, fingernails
Hair
Hair - cornual derivative skins. A free part of the hair, acting over a skin, name a hinge. The initial part of hair, its root, begins a thickening in deep layers of a skin. It is a hair bulb. All root is in the narrow extended channel - a hair bag. In the field of a bulb there is a growth of hair. The cavity of a root vagina opens a sebaceous gland duct to hair saccules is attached the muscles lifting hair. Reduction of unstriated muscles of a skin promotes also to an evac of sebaceous glands.
Hair have various colouring. The hair colour depends on a pigment available in a root layer, intensity of colouring - from quantity of this pigment. In an old age the pigment disappears, from what hair grow grey, become white. Thus hair is filled with air blisters. Hair at the person grow continuously. Life expectancy of hair is insignificant. Head hair live 2-4 years, then die off and drop out, for a month of hair can grow on 1 sm.
Roots of hair are plentifully supplied by the numerous terminations of sensitive nerves, here approach vascular vessels.
Fingernails
Fingernails - the cornual cutifications developing from a false skin, as well as hair, they continuously grow. The substance of a larger part of a fingernail consists of a cornual layer. Pink colour depends from under-nail vessels which appear through through a transparent cornual layer. Fingernails protect phalanxes of fingers, is a leg for their soft tissues that is important at realisation of labour processes.
Skin and thermoregulation
Skin role in regulation of temperature of an organism
The body constantly radiates heat. Three quarters of heat developed by a body, it is lost through a skin. The delay of all heat at least for one day would cause mors.
Heat formation depends on a metabolism. Both at the person, and at the majority of warm-blooded animals in the winter and in the summer the body temperature remains to a constant. Means, at various times year there is a different thermolysis. It depends on temperature of air, its humidity and movement.
The constancy of temperature of our organism is provided for the account of regulation of a thermolysis of nervous system.
The person all time allocates heat, and even in a dream it on the average spends in an hour 4,2 kJ for 1 kg of mass of a body.
It is established, that air temperature over a head of the person on 1-1,5°C above air temperature. The height of this original thermal torch reaches 30-40 sm (from a cinciput). Warm air from under clothes leaves outside at a collar. Over a head the thermal cone, precisely air hood is framed.
Skin vessels
In 1646 in Italy in the magnificent latch of Milan duke L. Moro celebratory procession which was headed by "the gold boy", personifying "Golden Age" has taken place!!!! The body of the boy has been entirely covered by a gold paint. The entertainment of notable visitors was fatal for the boy. Soon it has been forgotten and has all night long spent on stone to a hall floor. The long boring a gold paint has caused sharp expansion of blood vessels in its skin. It has lost a lot of heat, the temperature of its body has gone down. Resistibility of an organism has sharply decreased, the boy was ill and has soon died.
His death reason longly remained not clear. Originally many considered, that it was lost from air disadvantage. Others asserted, that the reason of its destruction - a self-poisoning of an organism because of the termination выделений through sweat. However these explanations are incorrect and have been denied by the experience done in 19 century. Bodies of two adult men have varnished. One "varnished" stayed in such condition days, and other - 8 days without any harmful consequences for an organism, but experimental it was difficult to transfer a cold. They lost a lot of heat through expanded vessels, and they should be protected from a frigorism.
This courageous experiment has shown one of the main functions of a skin - a thermoregulation.
Return of excess of heat occurs through skin vessels in which can hold to 30 % of all blood of an organism. Expansion or narrowing of vessels of a skin through receptors frames a caumesthesia and colds. To us warmly when vessels are dilated also a skin becomes warm, and at narrowing of vessels of a skin coldly, though a body temperature high. So happens at a fever when at the person a body temperature nearby +40°C, but to it it is cold. Can be and so: the person feels heat in spite of the fact that the body temperature is lowered. It is known, that the freezing traveller can undress, feeling fever. Warm blood heats up a skin. Thanks to thermal receptors there is a feeling of heat. Vessels of deep layers of a skin at it are as much as possible dilated, and it loses last heat. It approaches destruction from its disadvantage.
Fervescence at illnesses
At many illnesses the body temperature raises. Why it occurs, was long obscurely. Did not know, this reaction is useful or harmful to an organism.
The temperature usually raises, when bacteria get to blood and body tissues, their poisons or when cells of the body are blasted. At penetration of infections into an organism along with protective substances special pyrogenic (is warm-giving rise) substances are formed. They operate on the nervous centres of a thermoregulation. Reaction of nervous system to pyrogenic substances leads to rise in temperature. Speed and fervescence degree depends on where and in what quantity pyrogenic substances have an effect.
Rise in temperature at disease, as a rule, an indicator of favorable disease and recover. This reflexion of active struggle of an organism with the different beginning, its natural reaction. The raised temperature accelerates chemical reactions, enlarges a metabolism in tissues, raises activity of leucocytes, a liver, a pituitary body - so protective forces of an organism will be mobilised.
Heat suppression complicates infectious process, therefore it is necessary to bring down not simply temperature a medicine, and to influence an illness principal cause.
Under the cerebral cortex control
The temperature is regulated by nervous system. In experience when to a dog on a back put a load in 16 kg., at it the temperature on 1 gramme rose. A load combined with a prearranged signal. Through some combinations one signal caused the same fervescence, as well as at a load.
Hypothermia
Recently coolings (hypothermia) in thoracal surgery began to apply a method, at operations on heart, lungs, an esophagus. The patient before operation and during it subject to the general narcosis and simultaneously place in the special apparatus - cold a blanket, through two-layer which rubberised tissues pass the cooled water. The water temperature can be changed quickly, therefore after operation easily and quickly sick warm. The patient on an operating table does not answer even the strongest borings and does not feel a pain. All vital processes become less active, pulse is slowed down, breath becomes rare, pressure of blood is lowered. The brain activity which centres come to a brake condition decreases.
Original improvement of a method of cooling of an organism is the device a hypoterm. A transparent cap from plastic put on a head of the patient, the brain is exposed to cooling only. The cerebral cortex very weakly reacts to a pain in the conditions of a cold. The operations spent at cooling by this apparatus, have shown its big advantages. It is simple, convenient, allows to perform such surgical operations which at other methods are almost impossible.
Skin combustions
At action on a skin of solar beams, contact with hot subjects, hit of bright substances there can come combustions. The extensive combustions occupying from children of 1/6-1/8 surfaces of a skin, it is transferred hardly and it is dangerous to a life.
Cold injuries
At low temperature of air in the winter or in the conditions of the raised humidity or a strong wind in the spring and there can come a cold injury in the autumn. Danger of occurrence of cold injuries is enlarged at long stay on a cold in the got wet footwear and clothes. The close footwear and the clothes complicating a circulation, promotes a cold injury. Fingers of feet, arms, a nose end, ears, cheeks usually get frost-bitten.
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