Urinary excretory system

The urinary excretory system of the human consists of organs in which it is developed wetting, - kidneys, and also the organs serving for accumulation and deducing of urine from an organism of ureters, a bladder and the Urine emission channel.

Kidneys have the fabaceous form, are located in retroperitoneal space, on either side of lumbar department of a backbone. The right kidney lays a little below the left. Each kidney has weight from 120 to 200 h'm. And length from 10 to 12 the Top extremities of kidneys see are approached to a backbone, and bottom are removed from it. In a kidney distinguish top both bottom poles and two edges - external and internal. In the centre of the last there is a collar excavation - through which the renal artery and nerves enter into a kidney, and there is a vein, lymphatic vessels and an ureter. In aggregate all these elements form a renal leg.

Kidneys are surrounded by own fibrous cover, a fatty capsule and is connective - a woven fascia which keep them on a place.

The substance of a kidney consists of two layers - cortical and cerebral. The cortical substance has at thickness from 4 to 13 mm. Under cortical substance the cerebral substance which is presented by 12-15 formations of the pencil-point form wearing the name of renal pyramids settles down. Between the next pyramids the cortical substance wearing the name of renal columns gets.

Basic purpose of urinary system - deducing from an organism of slags (metabolism end-products) and others harmfully or simply unnecessary bonds, under condition of conservation of necessary quantity of water and mineral salts. These functions are carried out by formation by kidneys of urine of certain quantity and structure. With kidney urine deduce urea, urinary acid, salts, water, etc. Secreting of these substances occurs as well through a skin, lungs, an intestine, sialadens, however they not in a condition to replace kidneys. Process of formation of the urine, including a filtration of a liquid from blood, a return absorption and secretion, occurs in nephrons of which the tissue of kidneys is constructed. Each nephron consists from renal-malpigian (by name Italian scientist Malpigi who has described them) little bodies in which there is a filtration, and urinary canaliculuses. A renal little body - a semiball-shaped double-walled bowl (capsule) with a fissured cavity between its walls, covering a glomulus of capillars. The canaliculus departs from a fissured cavity. In both kidneys more than 2 million Renal little bodies, and the general surface of their capillars - about 1,5 square metres. Under the influence of the intravascular pressure peer of 70-90 mm of a mercurial column, the liquid part of blood through pores in a wall of capillars of a glomulus and a basal membrane filters into a nephron capsule. This process name a filtration, and the filtered liquid - primary urine or a filtrate.

The filtrate consists mainly of water. In it practically as much, how many and in plasma, and high-molecular - it is less than low-molecular substances. The more largly a molecule of substances, the with smaller rate they filter into a filtrate and the less their concentration in a filtrate.

Kidneys blood supply is plentiful. At the human through kidneys for 1 minute 1200 ml of blood proceed on the average. For same time 120 ml of a filtrate are formed, and for days of a kidney filter about 150 l of primary urine. Pertinently to remind, that in an organism of the adult human about 5 l. Bloods. For days all blood about 350 times passes through kidneys that provides its sufficient purification.

From a nephron capsule primary urine begins movement on the canaliculuses which separate parts have an unequal structure. On this way there are two processes essentially changing both quantity, and quality of primary urine: a reabsorption and secretion. These processes are carried out by difficult systems of cells of the canaliculuses, possessing ability activly and selectively to transfer substances through membranes of cells from a nephron lumen back in blood (reabsorption), and from blood in canaliculuses (secretion). For the reabsorption account in a blood channel the most part of water, salt and other substances valuable to an organism comes back. In the course of secretion the organism gets rid of harmful substances. Secretion and a reabsorption go with the big expense of energy. Taking away canaliculuses merge in larger collective canaliculuses on which wetting gathers at first in small calyxes, and therefrom - in big and in a renal pelvis.

Process of formation of urine is under the control of several regulating mechanisms. Depending on the water maintenance in a kidney organism allocate urine of this or that concentration. In initial departments of a canaliculus from a filtrate reabsorb 80 % of water. The absorption of water and salts is under the control of an antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Excess of water in an organism oppresses secreting by pituitary body ADH, and the water absorption in a distal canaliculus decreases. Its disadvantage leads to excitation of special sensitive formations (osmoreceptors), it finally causes secreting ADH in blood and then the water reabsorption is enlarged.

The filtrate moving ahead on canaliculuses, constantly changes the structure and there is the definitive urine, which quantity on the average 1,5 l. A day. The urine which has gathered in pelves periodically flows down on ureters in a bladder and through the Urine emission channel is deduced from an organism.

Ureters - tubules in diameter about 4 mm. And length to 30 see go down in a small basin where approach to a bottom of a bladder. The ureter wall contains smoothly muscular fibers thanks to what the ureter can be reduced and extend, banishing urine.

The bladder represents a receptacle for urine of the ovoid form, capacity to 500-700 ml. It lays behind a pubic joint in a small basin; has a bottom, a body and an apex. In a bladder wall there is a powerful muscular cover at which reduction the bladder cavity decreases. Round an aperture of each ureter and an internal aperture of the Urine emission channel circular muscular fascicles form detrusors - the sphincters regulating entering and an efflux of urine from a bladder.

The man's Urine emission channel - a tube nearby 18 see in the length, going from a bladder to a balanus where there is an external aperture of the channel. In the man's Urine emission channel distinguish three departments: a representative part, webby, the shortest both narrow, and spongiform, length about 15 see, passing through a spongiform body of a sexual member. The urinary channel serves not only for urine deducing, but also for passage of a seed which arrives from ejaculatory channels in a prostatic part.

The female Urine emission channel has length from 3 to 5 the Back wall of the Urine emission channel see is closely adherent with a forward wall of a vagina, the external aperture of the channel opens under a clitoris.

Emiction - the difficult reflex certificate which is carried out thanks to reduction of a muscle, compressing a bladder wall, and to a relaxation of sphincters of the Urine emission channel. At the healthy human the desire to an emiction comes at accumulation in a bladder of 250-300 ml. Urine. In normal conditions the emiction occurs 4-6 times a day. At the healthy human the emiction becomes frequent at plentiful reception of a liquid and becomes more rare at dry diet or the raised sweating in a hot season.

Diseases of organs of Urinary excretory system can be congenital, including. Hereditary, and got. Some congenital developmental anomalies are incompatible with a life. The underdevelopment of kidneys can be accompanied by rising of arterial pressure, edemas, and also metabolism disturbance therefore the diabetes, a gout, a skeleton lesion, an aphrenia, blindness can develop renal sugar and not. The expressed underdevelopment of kidneys usually proceeds with the phenomena of chronic renal insufficiency against which the uremia sometimes develops. At developmental anomalies of ureters and a bladder disturbance of outflow of urine, an urine incontience can be observed. Congenital lesions of ureters and a bladder quite often become complicated an inflammation of kidneys and renal pelves. Many congenital diseases of Urinary excretory system demand vigorous (surgical) treatment which in some cases is rather effective.

The got diseases of Urinary excretory system - more often result of inflammatory process (the infectious nature, or a trauma). Inflammatory processes in kidneys and in renal pelves usually develop as complication of quinsy, a scarlatina, are observed at hemorrhagic fevers, canicola fevers, sometimes accompany rheumatic, endocrine, allergic diseases, etc.

At a number of the diseases accompanied by disturbance of work of kidneys, there can be the acute renal insufficiency characterised by rising of the maintenance in blood of nitric slags, disturbance of a vodno-electrolytic exchange and acid-alkaline balance. Serious lesions of kidneys of toxic character are observed at poisonings with organic dissolvents (antifreeze), mercury and arsenic bonds, some medicines applied as selftreatment, at toxicoses of pregnant women, cencuce (it is frequent at out of hospital abortion), serious combustions, freezing injuries, squeezing of extensive sites of soft tissues.

Increase of desires to an emiction, pains, change of a stream of urine, an ischuria, an urine incontience can be bound to various diseases of a bladder, the Urine emission channel, a prostate (a prostate Adenoma, the Gonorrhea, the Urolithiasis, the Prostatitis, the Urethritis, the Cystitis), and also the organs next to them: a rectum, a uterus. Acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of urinary ways (ureters, a bladder, the Urine emission channel) often develop as gonorrhea complication, especially in cases of the untimely reference to the doctor or selftreatment attempts, and also at trichomoniases and non-observance of rules of personal and sexual hygiene.

For recognition of diseases of Urinary excretory system numerous and various methods are used. Urine and blood researches are obligatory.

For definition of severity level of disease of kidneys methods of research of their functional condition have great value, allowing to judge filtrational function of glomuluses, activity of canaliculuses, a renal blood flow etc. The X-ray inspection is applied to specification of the diagnosis of disease of kidneys (survey roentgenography of kidneys and urinary ways etc.) When usual radiological methods do not tap character of disease, apply a renal angiography - contrast agent introduction in an aorta above a discharge of the main renal arteries that this substance, having got to kidneys, contrasted them on roentgenograms that allows to tap a condition of renal vessels and functional ability of kidneys. If after carrying out of clinico-tool inspection of the patient the diagnosis remains obscure, as a finishing method the biopsy of the kidneys is used, allowing to investigate a renal tissue and to specify character of disease. Radiological methods of research are spent also for revealing of diseases of a bladder, ureters, the Urine emission channel.

Treatment of diseases of Urinary excretory system depends on the reason which have caused it, and is spent quite often in hospital conditions. The great value at treatment of diseases of Urinary excretory system has observance of a regimen and a diet, recommended by the doctor. Patients should pass completely necessary course of treatment so that further there has not come relapse of disease or it would not get a chronic current.

Now for treatment of serious diseases of the Urinary excretory system characterised by gross infringement of function of kidneys, and also for liquidation of such terrible complication as an uremia, apply the apparatus “an artificial kidney” which replaces function of kidneys with the set period of time. Besides, surgeons at special indications with known success replace the failed kidney healthy, taken from the donor. The combination of medical actions is defined by character of disease, features of disease in each separate case and carried out only under indicatings of the doctor.

Treatment and preventive maintenance of illnesses of kidneys are the important medical problem. Free treatment, development of specialised units in hospitals and clinics, creation of the nephrological centres, wide prophylactic medical examination of patients, the big number of nephrological sanatoria - all it allows to spend successfully treatment and preventive maintenance of illnesses of kidneys. However the success of treatment and preventive maintenance in many respects depends on performance by patients of references of the doctor. Tempering, strict performance sanitary - hygienic rules, the prevention and careful treatment of acute respiratory diseases, timely treatment of focal infections serve as a reliable guarantee of the prevention of diseases of Urinary excretory system.