Dental system anomalies
Teeth anomalies
It is necessary to survey anomalies of dental system on following sections:
Anomalies of separate dents (their size, the form, number, position)
Anomalies of dentitions
Anomalies of an occlusion
Anomalies of separate dents
Anomalies of size of dents
Huge dents are dents with disproportionately big crowns. Huge dents meet more often at a constant occlusion and is more rare at the milk. Usually huge there are incisors top or a mandible, but can be and other dents.
The aetiology of this anomaly of the form of dents is known, the disturbances of development leading to coalescence of germs of dents, and as disturbance of activity of endocrine system are assumed. Huge dents can cause anomalies of position of other dents, interfere with a cutting of the next dents, cause dentsity of dents. Sometimes they settle down out of a dentition. The basic disadvantage of huge dents - their unusual kind attracting attention of associates, i.e. they do not meet aesthetic demands.
Treatment consists at a distance dents huge or next to them. If after their excision and correcting of position of other dents there are interspaces in a dentition. Them fill by prosthetics.
Fine dents are dents with disproportionately small crowns having the correct form. Fine dents meet at a constant occlusion. More often than other dents fine there are incisors, especially top lateral.
The aetiology of this anomaly is unknown, it is supposed, that the causes of such disharmony of size of dents and jaws can be hereditary, i.e. a combination of fine dents of one of parents and large jaws - another.
Fine dents usually settle down with the big interspaces and break the kind harmony of the person.
Treatment consists in a coating of such dents crowns from plastic or at a distance their and subsequent prosthetics.
Anomalies of position of dents
Vestibular deflection - shift of dents outside from a dentition. In vestibular position there can be one or several dents top or a mandible. More often incisors are displaced.
The causes can be: a delay of change of milk dents, a disadvantage of a place of a dentition, irregular position of a germ of dents, presence of supercomplete dents, bad habits, disturbance of nasal breath.
Treatment consists in moving of vestibularly located dents to a palatal direction and their deduction in correct position.
High or low locating of dents - shift of dents in an erect direction. On the top jaw supraocclusion the high locating of the dents, an articulation of dentitions not reaching a plane, and an infraocclusion - put forward, low in relation to an occlusal plane represents position of dents, and infraocclusions - low position of dents. Sometimes takes place supra - and an infraocclusion of bunch of dents.
The underdevelopment of an alveolar process or any mechanical interrupting can be the cause.
Treatment consists in extension of dents with a field of an alveolar process adjoining to them that is reached by application of apparatus for extension.
The diastema - a cleft between the central incisors, meets much more often on the top jaw, than inferior.
The causes I can be: low affixion of a powerful bridle of an upper lip, presence wide is more dentse than an osteal septum between the central incisors, an adentia, anomalies of the form and size of dents, presence of supercomplete dents, an irregular locating of face-to-face dents, early loss of one of them.
Treatment can be only complex: a surgical intervention with the subsequent apparatus moving of incisors.
Mesodistal shift of dents - a locating of dents ahead or behind from a normal place in a tooth arch. Can be displaced both face-to-face and lateral dents.
The cause is early loss of milk dents, early loss of the constant dents next with displaced dents, irregular position of a germ of dents, an adentia, bad habits.
Treatment consists in moving of dents to the necessary direction. It is reached by means of demountable and fixed orthodontic apparatus.
Oral inclination - shift of dents inwards from a dentition, towards tongue or the palate . At an inclination the root of dents is in an alveolar process, and only its coronal part happens is inclined orally, at shift dents the case settles down out of a tooth arch. In such position can there are one or several dents.
The causes are: a delay of change of milk dents, early excision of milk dents, dentition narrowing, irregular position of germs of constant dents, presence of the supercomplete dents, the truncated bridle of tongue, bad habits.
Treatment consists in dissociation of an occlusion and moving of dents in a vestibular direction.
Turn of dents round a longitudinal axis - on an axis incisors top and a mandible more often turn. This kind of anomaly causes aesthetic and functional disturbances. dents are sometimes turned on an axis injure dents of an inverse jaw and loosen them.
The causes can be a disadvantage of a place of a dentition owing to its narrowing or an underdevelopment of an alveolar process, a delay of abaissement milk dents, presence supercomplete or impacted dents.
Treatment consists in turn of dents and its bracing in correct position.
Acervate locating of dents - close position of dents at which they stand with turns on an axis and lean against each other owing to a disadvantage of a place of a dentition.
The cause is the underdevelopment of an alveolar process or a basal part of a jaw or relative big size of dents, owing to dents cannot will take places in correct position.
Treatment consists in building of a place and correct placing of dents.
Transposition of dents - anomaly of position at which dents are interchanged the position.
The cause is the irregular bookmark of a germ of dents.
Tremas - interspaces between dents. Distinguish tremas physiological and pathological. Physiological concern features of a milk occlusion in its second season, they arise as consequence of growth of jaws.
The causes - pathological tremas are observed after change of milk dents by constants at distal and mesial occlusions with a protrusion of the top or inferior face-to-face dents, at an adentia, anomalies of the form and sizes of dents, anomalies of a locating of dents, shift of dents.
Anomalies of the form of dents
Aculeiform dents - the dents which crowns have the thorn form. The aculeiform form the central and lateral incisors, and as can have lateral dents of the inferior and top jaw.
The aetiology is not found out; disturbance of development of dental germs is supposed.
Treatment consists in prosthetics or at a distance aculeiform dents and replacement by their fixed or demountable prostheses.
Misshapen dents - dents of the various irregular form which to brake are observed on the top jaw, in its face-to-face field.
The aetiology is not found out; disturbance of development of jaws and dental germs are assumed.
Treatment consists in correcting of the form misshapen dents by prosthetics or at a distance it.
Anomalies of number of dents
Adentia - congenital absence of dents and their germs. Distinguish an adentia particulate and full.
Are assumed disturbance of development of an ectodermal germinal leaf of which the dental germ is formed, disturbances of the endocrine system, the certain role is played by a heredity.
Treatment consists only in prosthetics or in prosthetics with preliminary orthodontic treatment.
Supercomplete dents - superfluous dents by quantity. Settle down more often in the field of face-to-face dents. Supercomplete dents have the aculeiform form is more often, but can have the form of the next dents.
It is supposed, that the cause are disturbances of development of an epithelial tooth plate.
Treatment depends on a locating supercomplete dents and its influence on position of complete dents. At shift of the next dents supercomplete dents delete and spend orthodontic treatment. If dents it is located in an arch and does not cause shift of the next dents, it can be abandoned, and the crown form to correct prosthetics.
Anomalies of dentitions
Anomalies of dentitions - are characterised by change of the form of a typical dentition top or a mandible which happens is caused by their narrowing or dilating in various fields and expressed by dentsity of dents, their turns on an axis, a vestibular or oral teething, a particulate adentia, presence of supercomplete dents, diastemas etc.
Distinguish following irregular forms of dentitions at their narrowing:
- Acute-angled when narrowing is localised in the field of canines
- Saddle-like when narrowing is more expressed in the field of premolar tooths
- V-shaped when the dentition is narrowed in lateral fields, and the face-to-face field acts in the form of an acute angle trapezoid when the face-to-face field is narrowed and applanate
- Narrowed when all dents - face-to-face and lateral - stand closely
- Azygomorphous at which narrowing is more expressed on one party of a dentition top or a mandible therefore the crossbite turns out
The basic etiological factors of anomalies of the form of tooth arches are the underdevelopment of jaws and their deformations caused by illnesses of early children's age.
Treatment consists in dilating or reduction of tooth arches and correct placing of dents.
Anomalies of an occlusion
Anomalies of an occlusion are deflections from normal mutual relation of dentitions of the top and inferior jaws. These deflections can be surveyed in three directions:
The sagittal
The prognathism (distal occlusion) - is characterised by disharmony of an interrelation of dentitions at the expense of an emergence of the top dents or distal shift of a mandible. The distal occlusion can be particulate or the general; gnathic, sceletal or tooth; with shift of a mandible or without it.
Aetiology: congenital feature of a constitution of a facial atomy, the children's illnesses influencing development of osteal system, inflammatory processes in a nasopharynx etc.
Treatment at presence of milk dents consists not only from medical, but also of preventive actions. In the season of a constant occlusion apply demountable both fixed orthodontic apparatus and adaptations.
The progeny (mesial occlusion) - is characterised by disharmony of dentitions at the expense of an emergence of the inferior dents or mesial shift of a mandible. It can be particulate or full; gnathic, sceletal or tooth; with shift of a mandible or without it.
Aetiology: congenital feature of a constitution of bones of a facial atomy, an irregular mean of artificial feeding, early loss of milk molar tooths etc.
Treatment consists in correcting of an oral inclination of the top incisors and should be finished to a cutting of constant canines, i.e. Till 11 years.
The transversal
The transversal narrowed dentitions - disharmony of width of the top and inferior dentitions
The erect
Deep occlusion - such articulation of dentitions at which face-to-face dents are substantially blocked by antagonists. Depending on a vestibular or oral inclination two types of a deep occlusion - erect and horizontal distinguish.
Aetiology: congenital feature of a constitution of a facial atomy, the children's illnesses influencing growth and development of bones, early loss of milk molar tooths...
The primary goals of treatment - occlusion dissociation, dilating of the narrowed dentition on a jaw lagging behind in development and if it is necessary, mandible moving.
The open bite - is characterised by odontoschism presence at the central occlusion. This cleft happens more often in the field of face-to-face dents. Two forms of an open bite - erect and horizontal distinguish.
Aetiology: a rachitis, the complicated nasal breath, early loss of face-to-face dents, a wide diastema.
Treatment before change of milk dents by constants consists in elimination of etiological factors. At a constant occlusion orthodontic apparatus and intergnathic rubber draught for which bracing arches Angle or demountable trays are used are applied.
The crossbite - is characterised by an anatropic articulation of dents of the right or left half of occlusion.
Aetiology: a delay of change of milk dents constants, irregular position of germs of dents and the subsequent irregular cutting of these dents, irregular development of jaws and tooth arches.
Treatment in the seasons of a milk and replaceable occlusion consists first of all in elimination of etiological factors. In the final season of change of dents and at a constant occlusion orthodontic apparatus, and also referring crowns Katz, arches Angle are applied.
Developmental anomalies of the palate
Congenital hiatus of the palate (the out-of-date name - "the wolf mouth"). On the accepted classification of developmental anomalies of the palate two basic forms distinguish:
- Through hiatuses happen secund (on the right or to the left of midline) and bilateral when bond of an interjawbone with a nasal septum and supramaxillary bones is absent from both parties. At a secund hiatus the nasal septum and an interjawbone are bridged to palatal plates only on the one hand.
- Not through hiatuses of the palate share on full (the hiatus fastigium begins at an alveolar process and passes through firm and a soft palate) and particulate hiatuses (a hiatus soft and parts of the firm palate ). Hiatuses at which the hiatus of muscles of a soft palate or a uvula hiatus, and sometimes and parts of the firm palate is covered by a mucosa concern the particulate hidden, or submucosal.
At hiatuses of the palate at the child breath and food functions are sharply broken, the milk aspiration is possible. With the years at children the alalia - a dysarthtia and a nasonnement is observed. Development of the top jaw - narrowing of the top tooth arch, an upper lip retraction etc. is often broken.
Hiatus treatment operative at the age of 4-7 years.
Such children are under a dispensary observation at a number of experts: the pediatrist, the stomatologist, an E.N.T. Specialist, the logopedist.
The narrow high palate - a hypsistaphylia. Believe, that this fault results from stomatic breath at a hypertrophy of a pharyngeal tonsil.
Treatment is spent by orthodontic methods.
The congenital isolated underdevelopment of a soft palate, basically a uvula, and also palatal handles, that negatively affects the swallowing certificate, and further on a pronunciation of some notes.
Treatment operative - soft palate elongation.
Developmental anomalies of labiums
Congenital hiatus of a labium. Occurrence of hiatuses is defined mainly by genetical factors, but can be bound and to disturbance of pre-natal development under influence exo - and internal causes. Forms of hiatuses are various - from small dredging at a red border to the full report of a hiatus of a labium with a nose foramen. Upper lip hiatuses can be secund and bilaterial. At a full hiatus of an upper lip at the child is at a loss, and in some cases the suction certificate is impossible, breath becomes superficial and frequent and as complication often arises a pneumonia.
Achylia - absence of labiums. Meets seldom - at a congenital atresia of an actinostome.
Synchilia - accreting of lateral departments of the labiums, leading to reduction of a stomatic cleft
Brachychcilia - a short average part of an upper lip.
Hypertrophy of mucous glands and submucosal fat ("a double labium") - cords of a mucosa of a labium which are especially taped at a smile.
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