Types of allergic responses

Allergic responses in clinical practice perceive implications at the heart of which occurrence the immunological havoc lays. In diagnostics of allergic responses it is important to tap allergen, its causal relationship with clinical implications and a type of immunologic reaction. The pathogenetic principle of abjection of 4 types of allergic responses is standard.

First three types show acutely and consequently require urgent actions more.

At the heart of the first type of reaction lays reagines the mechanism of damage of the tissues, proceeding with participation usually IgE, is more rare than class IgG, on a surface of membranes of basophils and mast cells. In blood a number of biologically active materials is liberated: Histaminum, a serotonin, the bradykinins, slowly reacting substance of an anaphylaxis, leukotrienes, etc. which lead to disturbance of permeability of membranes of cells, to an intersticial edema, a spastic stricture of a smooth musculation, secretion rising. Typical clinical examples of an allergic response of the first type are the acute anaphylaxis, a bronchial asthma, an urticaria, a false croup, a vasculomotor rhinitis.

The second type of an allergic response cytotoxic, proceeding with the assistance of immunoglobulins of classes O and M, and also at activation of system of a complement that conducts to cellular membrane damage. This type of an allergic response is observed at a medicinal allergy with development of a leukopenia, a thrombocytopenia, a hemolitic anaemia, and also at a hemolysis during hemotransfusions, hemolitic illness of newborns at a rhesus the conflict.

The third type of an allergic response (on ooze Arthus reaction) is bound to damage of tissues by the cell-bound immune complexes circulating in a blood channel, proceeds with participation of immunoglobulins of classes C and M. Damaging action of cell-bound immune complexes on a tissue descends through a complement activation and lysosomic enzymes. This type of reaction educes at exogenous allergic alveolites, a glomerulonephritis, allergic dermatitises, a serum disease, separate kinds medicinal and a food allergy, a pseudorheumatism, a system lupus erythematosus, etc.

The fourth type of an allergic response - tuberculin, slowed down - arises in 24-48 hours, proceeds with participation of sensibilized lymphocytes. It is characteristic for an infectious-allergic bronchial asthma, a tuberculosis, a brucelliasis and some other diseases.

Allergic responses can arise at any age; their intensity is various. The clinical picture of an allergic response does not depend on chemical and pharmacological properties of allergen, its dose and introduction pathes. More often the allergic response arises at repeated introduction of allergen in an organism, cases of anaphylactic reactions however are known at the first introduction of an antibiotic in an organism without presensitization, guard therefore is necessary at carrying out of intracutaneous tests.

Clinical implications of allergic responses differ the expressed polymorphism. Any tissues and organs can be involved in process. Integuments, a gastrointestinal tract, a respiratory path suffer at development of allergic responses is more often. It is accepted to excrete reactions of the immediate and slowed down type, however that division is appreciably conditional. So, the urticaria is considered one of forms of an allergic response of an immediate type, however it can accompany a serum disease as to the classical form of an allergy of the slowed down type. Distinguish following clinical variants of allergic responses: an aboriginal allergic response, an allergic toxicodermatosis, a pollinosis, a bronchial asthma, Angioedema, Urticaria, a serum disease, a hemolitic crisis, an allergic thrombocytopenia, an acute anaphylaxis. In a prodromal stage of any allergic response the febricula, bad state of health, a headache, a fever, a nausea, sometimes vomiting, a dyspnea, giddiness becomes perceptible. There is a dermal itch (at times excruciating), sensation of a burning sensation in an oral cavity and a nose, sensation of a numbness, a nose obstruction, a continuous sneezing.