Antiparticles

Antimatter - a substance builted of antiparticles. Existence of antiparticles has been forecast for the first time in 1930 by the English physicist Paul Dirac. From equation Dirac for relativistic electron necessary second solution for its half-and-half having the same pulp and a positivegoing electric charge. At the same time one positively charged corpuscle - a proton sharply differing on the properties from an electron was known only. Theorists began to invent smart explanations of these differences, but was soon clarified, that the proton has no anything common with a corpuscle forecast Dirac. In 1932 positively charged positrons were detected in ultrarays by the American physicist Carl David Anderson. This opening was bright acknowledging of theory Dirac.

In 1955 on the new booster in Berkeley Emilio G. Segre, Owen Chamberlain and others have detected the negative protons born in crash of protons with nucleuses of a copper target. Before the proton with a negative charge longly also was in vain traced in ultrarays. In 1956 the antineutron has been detected also. Now the assemblage of corpuscles is known already, and almost to all of them there match antiparticles.

Corpuscles and antiparticles have equal pulp, life time, a spin, but are discriminated by marks of all charges: electrical, baryon, leptonic etc. It follows from common principles of a quantum theory of the field and is acknowledged by trusty experimental data.

From the modern point of view fundamental particles are battered on two bunches. First from them - corpuscles with a half-integral spin: the charged leptons e^-μ^-τ^- - neutrinos corresponding to them and quarks u, d, c, b, t. All these corpuscles have also antiparticles. Other bunch are quanta more full with the integer spin, transporting interactings: a quantum, interim bosons of weak coupling, gluons of strong couplings. Some of them are truely neutral (γ,Z⁰), that is all their quantum numbers are peer to null and they are identical to the antiparticles; others (W⁺,W^-) also derivate pairs a corpuscle - an antiparticle. Easily now to see, that all baryons consisting of three quarks, should have antiparticles, for example: the neutron has composition (udd), an antineutron - (u₁d₁d₁). Mesons consist of a quark and an antiquark and, generally speaking, also have antiparticles, for example:π^- - the meson consists of quarks (du₁), and π⁺ the meson consists of quarks (d₁u). At the same time there are mesons, symmetrical concerning change of quarks by antiquarks (for example π⁰,ρ,μ - mesons where pairs quarks (uu₁,dd₁,ss₁) go into,); also mesons will be truely neutral.

Unique feature of behaviour of corpuscles and antiparticles - their annihilation at crash. Dirac has forecast process of electron annihilation and positrons in quantums: e^-+e⁺→γ+γ. Annihilation processes go, certainly, with conservation of energy, a pulse, electric charge, etc. Thus can be born not only quantums, but also other corpuscles; obviously, that owing to conservation relations of various charges appropriate antiparticles, as, for example, in electron and positron annihilation reaction in pair muons are simultaneously born also: e^-+e⁺→μ^-+μ⁺. In such responses the "fascinated" and "charming" corpuscles have been detected. In analogous process e^-+e⁺→τ^-+τ⁺ have detected the heavy-duty τ - lepton. Last years annihilation process even more often uses as one of the most perfect research techniques of a microcosmos.

Process of change of corpuscles on antiparticles has received the charge conjugation title. As truely neutral corpuscles are identical to the antiparticles at process of a charge conjugation they transfer in themselves.

In strong and electromagnetic interactions there is a complete symmetry between corpuscles and antiparticles: if any process with corpuscles it is possible is possible and has the same performances analogous process with appropriate antiparticles. Just as protons and neutrons thanks to strong interacting are bundled in nucleuses, from appropriate antiparticles antinucleuses will be derivated.

In 1965 on the booster in the USA antideuteron has been received. In 1969 in Protvino on Particle accelerator of Institute for High Energy Physics the Soviet physicists have detected the nucleuses of antihelium-3 consisting of two negative protons and an antineutron. Then antitritium nucleuses - the heavy-duty antihydrogen, consisting of one negative proton and two antineutrons have been detected also. Basically it is possible to fancy and antiatoms, and even larger ties-up of an antimatter. The heavy-lift annihilation radiation coming from ranges of touch of material with an antimatter was the testimony of presence of an antimatter in the Universe.

After all the annihilation only 1 gramme of material and an antimatter result ins to stressing of energy of 10¹⁴ J that is equivalent to shot of a centre atomic bomb in 10 kilotons. However the astrophysics of such data yet has no, and even in ultrarays negative protons meet seldom enough. Already practically there are no doubts, that the Universe basically consists of routine material.

But so was not always. At an early phase of evolution of the Universe at very larger temperatures nearby 10¹³ K quantity of corpuscles and antiparticles almost coincided: on a lump of negative protons (approximately on each some billions) were necessary as much protons and more one "superfluous" proton. Further at Universe cooling all corpuscles and antiparticles annihilated, having spawned in the issue quantums, and from insignificant in the past of overflow of corpuscles there was everything, that we are environed now. Annihilation photons, being by degrees chilled, have lived up to now in the form of relict irradiation. The ratio of modern tightness of protons to tightness of relict quantums (10_-9) also has yielded clearings on rate of overflow of corpuscles over antiparticles in the past. If this overflow was not, there would be a complete cross annihilation of corpuscles and antiparticles and as a result there would be dull enough Universe which has been filled in with cold photon gas.

Whence this overflow was took? One of hypotheses guesses, that in an initial state the figure of corpuscles and antiparticles coincided, but then because of singularities in dynamics of their interacting there was an asymmetry.

The annihilation is a single process in which one disappears both incipient corpuscles and all their pulp completely transfers, for example, in energy of quantums. No other response used in power engineering, has such property. And at uranium partition, and in thermonuclear fusion processes in energy only small part (order of the tenth fractions of percent) rest masses of the corpuscles participating in response turns. Therefore the annihilation of an antimatter with material yields in one thousand times more energies, than at partition of such quantity of uranium. If in our disposal there was a small planet from an antimatter all problems with an energy crisis have passed at once. We will guess would learn to translate all energy of an annihilation in the electrical. Then to ensure a planet with annual power margin, it is necessary to sliver from a planet and to subject annihilations only a 1000-kg chunk of an antimatter. Compare these 1000 kilogramme from hundreds million tons of coal and naphtha, which one we mine annually to solve the same commitment!

How much energy precipitates out on 1 gramme of combustible

• An annihilation of material and an antimatter of 10ˆ14 joules
• Partition of uranium of 10ˆ11 joules
• A coal firing of 2,9*10ˆ4 joules

The antimatter would be ideal combustible also because it does not soil a circumambient. After an annihilation in the final reckoning there are only quantums of high energy and a neutrino.

Earth regularly bombards a flow of ultrarays - corpuscles of high energy which one are oscillated at the various processes happening in our Galactic. The bulk of these corpuscles is compounded by protons and helium nucleuses.

In 1979, in ultrarays negative protons have been discovered also. About it two bunches have reported at once: the Soviet physicists from Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute and the American scientists from NASA Johnson Space Center. The positron has been detected in ultrarays in 1932. Such large time term between opening in positron and negative proton ultrarays speaks that negative proton interreacts with material much more strongly, than a positron. Negative protons from a cosmos have not time to reach surface Earth, they annihilates more narrow in the uppermost upper-airs. For this reason searching of negative protons in ultrarays represents a complicated engineering commitment. It is necessary to hoist the detector as it is possible above, to aerosphere boundary line. All experiments on searching of antiparticles in ultrarays have been fulfilled on aerostats. For example, in experiences R.Golden, the balloon hoisted on altitude of 36 kilometres about 2 tons of hardware.

Whether but it is possible to consider, what these negative protons have arrived to us from the Antiworld? Generally speaking, it is impossible. In ultrarays there are protons enough high energy, and at crash with corpuscles, for example, interstellar gas they can bear to negative protons in the same response that goes on boosters:

p+p→p₁+p+p+p

Thus, in ultrarays it is possible to explain the fact of detection of negative protons, not attracting a hypothesis about an antiworld,

In ultrarays routine nucleuses of many units of the table of Mendeleyev, up to Uranium were watched. However any antinucleus in ultrarays till now it was revealed not. The truth breaking points which one have been received in experiences on searching of antikernels are not so low yet that it is possible to expel possibility of their existence confidently. Antiworld adherents consider, that the flow of kernels of antihelium should be in 10 times less than that rate which one managed to be metered as of today. Forecast meaning is a lot of and basically is accessible already in the near future.

It is necessary to tell, that if it was possible to detect at least one nucleus of antihelium, and it is even better - Anticarboneum it would become exclusively severe acknowledging of a hypothesis on Antiworld existence. The matter is that the probability to create antihelium at the expense of crash of protons of ultrarays with material of interstellar gas is negligiblely small, less than 10^-11. At the same time if there are antispiders in them antihydrogen should fuse in antihelium, and then in Anticarboneum.

Anyway, antikernels it is not registered yet though with large reliance to deny their presence at ultrarays it is impossible.

We do not have trusty demonstrations of that any corpuscles of the Antiworld arrive to us to the Earth. While we did not watch any antinucleus; effects on gauging of a flow of negative protons cannot be estimated as the Antiworld existence proof - too much for this purpose it is required suppositions which one require an explanation and checks. At the same time our experimental effects are not so complete and exact absolutely to bar possibility of existence of the Antiworld.

However data on ultrarays can superimpose some limitations on antimatter impurity in our Galactic. It is considered, that almost all ultrarays are oscillated in processes which one happen "inside" our Galactic. Therefore the antimatter fraction, was possiblly existing in Galactic, should not exceed a fraction of negative protons and antikernels in ultrarays. The ratio of figure of negative protons to figure of protons approximately peerly 10^-4 is known, that in ultrarays, and the ratio of figure of kernels of antihelium to figure of protons at least is less 10^-5.

From here the leading-out is made: antimatter impurity in Galactic is less 10^-4 - 10^-5. It means, that experimental data on ultrarays do not contradict availability, roughly speaking, one antispider on each 10 - 100 thousand routine spiders. We will emphasise, that such appraisal at all is not existence proofs of antispiders. Was absolutely vaguely as such antispiders in our Galactic could be derivated.

Light from the antispider cannot be distinguished from a visible light of routine spiders. However processes of thermonuclear fusion which one ensures "combustion" of spiders, go variously for spiders and antispiders. If in case of the former thermonuclear fusion responses are escorted by neutrino emitting, for example in such processes:

p+p→d+e⁺+v_e

In antispiders analogous responses result in that to an antineutrino extention:

p₁+p₁→d₁+e^-+v_1e

From a sight data point to search for colossal flows of an antineutrino which one can originate at last phase of chang of aircraft attitude of antispiders more favourably. The matter is that when the spider drains all reserves of thermonuclear combustible, it starts to shrink disastrously sweepingly under the influence of the gravitational forces. If the spider pulp compounds one-three pulps of the Sun this squeezing is prolonged until electrons "not will be pressed in" in atomic nucleuses of which one the spider consists. Thus there is a conversion of protons of kernels into neutrons and neutrinos are irradiated:

e^-+p→n+v_e

When the spider will consist almost entirely of neutrons, squeezing will be stopped, as forces of a gravity attraction will be overridden by a heavy-lift repulsive force which one happen between neutrons. There is an education of the so-called neutron spider - stable installation with exclusive a high-slay and mesh sizes. Radius of the neutron spider with pulp of the Sun of order of 10 kilometres (radius of the Sun of order of 700 000 kilometres).

It is clear, that at an antispider blow-up antineutrons should be derivated, and process of education of the antineutron spider will be escorted by antineutrino emitting:

e⁺+p₁→n₁+v_1e

The flow of such antineutrinoes should be exclusively great, after all at a blow-up practically each of colossal figure of protons of the spider, turning to a neutron, yields one neutrino: antineutrino figure ≈ figure of negative protons in the antispider ≈ 10⁵⁷.

Already existing neutrino telescopes can register originating such enormous neutrino emission if it has happened in our Galactic.